"cruel" meaning in Middle English

See cruel in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: /kriu̯ˈɛːl/, /ˈkriu̯ɛl/, /ˈkriu̯əl/, /ˈkruəl/
Etymology: From Old French crual, from Latin crūdēlis. Etymology templates: {{bor|enm|fro|crual}} Old French crual, {{der|enm|la|crūdēlis}} Latin crūdēlis Head templates: {{head|enm|adjective||{{{1}}}||{{{2}}}||{{{3}}}|head=}} cruel, {{enm-adj}} cruel
  1. Merciless, cruel; revelling in another's pain.
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-Nzs3zA~-
  2. Deleterious, injurious; conducive to suffering.
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-WdE3kbgX
  3. Unbearable, saddening, terrifying.
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-4V5PJZNw
  4. Strict, unforgiving, mean; not nice.
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-pi937psY
  5. Savage, vicious, dangerous; displaying ferocity. Categories (topical): Emotions, War
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-vRzaw3nV Disambiguation of Emotions: 0 14 16 18 36 14 3 Disambiguation of War: 3 19 8 9 33 22 8 Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 4 17 6 17 36 14 7
  6. Bold, valiant, heroic (in war)
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-w9yidMuY
  7. (rare) Sharp, acrid, bitter-tasting. Tags: rare
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-q7~BFfmG
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: kruell, cruele, cruwel, crewel, cruell, cruwelle, crewelle, cruelle, crowell Derived forms: cruelheed, cruelly, cruelnesse, cruelte

Alternative forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruelheed"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruelly"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruelnesse"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruelte"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "cruel"
          },
          "expansion": "English: cruel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: cruel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "cruel"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: cruel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: cruel"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "crual"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French crual",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "crūdēlis"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin crūdēlis",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old French crual, from Latin crūdēlis.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "{{{1}}}",
        "5": "",
        "6": "{{{2}}}",
        "7": "",
        "8": "{{{3}}}",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cruel",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cruel",
      "name": "enm-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Merciless, cruel; revelling in another's pain."
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-Nzs3zA~-",
      "links": [
        [
          "cruel",
          "cruel#English"
        ],
        [
          "revelling",
          "revelling"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Deleterious, injurious; conducive to suffering."
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-WdE3kbgX",
      "links": [
        [
          "Deleterious",
          "deleterious"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Unbearable, saddening, terrifying."
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-4V5PJZNw"
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Strict, unforgiving, mean; not nice."
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-pi937psY",
      "links": [
        [
          "unforgiving",
          "unforgiving"
        ],
        [
          "mean",
          "mean"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "4 17 6 17 36 14 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 14 16 18 36 14 3",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Emotions",
          "orig": "enm:Emotions",
          "parents": [
            "Mind",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 19 8 9 33 22 8",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "War",
          "orig": "enm:War",
          "parents": [
            "Conflict",
            "Military",
            "Violence",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Society",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Savage, vicious, dangerous; displaying ferocity."
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-vRzaw3nV"
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Bold, valiant, heroic (in war)"
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-w9yidMuY"
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "Sharp, acrid, bitter-tasting."
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-q7~BFfmG",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) Sharp, acrid, bitter-tasting."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kriu̯ˈɛːl/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkriu̯ɛl/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkriu̯əl/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkruəl/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "kruell"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruele"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruwel"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crewel"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruell"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruwelle"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crewelle"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruelle"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crowell"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cruel"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English adjectives",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English terms borrowed from Old French",
    "Middle English terms derived from Latin",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old French",
    "Pages with 8 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "enm:Emotions",
    "enm:War",
    "es:Personality"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "cruelheed"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruelly"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruelnesse"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruelte"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "cruel"
          },
          "expansion": "English: cruel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: cruel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "cruel"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: cruel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: cruel"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "crual"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French crual",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "crūdēlis"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin crūdēlis",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old French crual, from Latin crūdēlis.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "{{{1}}}",
        "5": "",
        "6": "{{{2}}}",
        "7": "",
        "8": "{{{3}}}",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cruel",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cruel",
      "name": "enm-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Merciless, cruel; revelling in another's pain."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cruel",
          "cruel#English"
        ],
        [
          "revelling",
          "revelling"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Deleterious, injurious; conducive to suffering."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Deleterious",
          "deleterious"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Unbearable, saddening, terrifying."
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Strict, unforgiving, mean; not nice."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "unforgiving",
          "unforgiving"
        ],
        [
          "mean",
          "mean"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Savage, vicious, dangerous; displaying ferocity."
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Bold, valiant, heroic (in war)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English terms with rare senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Sharp, acrid, bitter-tasting."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) Sharp, acrid, bitter-tasting."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kriu̯ˈɛːl/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkriu̯ɛl/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkriu̯əl/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkruəl/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "kruell"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruele"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruwel"
    },
    {
      "word": "crewel"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruell"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruwelle"
    },
    {
      "word": "crewelle"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruelle"
    },
    {
      "word": "crowell"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cruel"
}

Download raw JSONL data for cruel meaning in Middle English (2.3kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.