"cruel" meaning in Middle English

See cruel in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: /kriu̯ˈɛːl/, /ˈkriu̯ɛl/, /ˈkriu̯əl/ Forms: kruell [alternative], cruele [alternative], cruwel [alternative], crewel [alternative], cruell [alternative], cruwelle [alternative], crewelle [alternative], cruelle [alternative], crowell [alternative]
Etymology: From Old French crual, from Latin crūdēlis. Etymology templates: {{bor|enm|fro|crual}} Old French crual, {{der|enm|la|crūdēlis}} Latin crūdēlis Head templates: {{head|enm|adjective||{{{1}}}||{{{2}}}||{{{comp2}}}||{{{3}}}||{{{sup2}}}|f3l=|f5l=|head=}} cruel, {{enm-adj}} cruel
  1. Merciless, cruel; revelling in another's pain.
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-Nzs3zA~-
  2. Deleterious, injurious; conducive to suffering.
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-WdE3kbgX Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 7 18 17 9 16 14 19
  3. Unbearable, saddening, terrifying.
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-4V5PJZNw Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Emotions Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 7 18 17 9 16 14 19 Disambiguation of Emotions: 5 6 64 0 6 10 8
  4. Strict, unforgiving, mean; not nice.
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-pi937psY
  5. Savage, vicious, dangerous; displaying ferocity.
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-vRzaw3nV Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 7 18 17 9 16 14 19
  6. Bold, valiant, heroic (in war)
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-w9yidMuY Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header, War Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 7 18 17 9 16 14 19 Disambiguation of War: 0 0 1 0 17 69 13
  7. (rare) Sharp, acrid, bitter-tasting. Tags: rare
    Sense id: en-cruel-enm-adj-q7~BFfmG Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 7 18 17 9 16 14 19
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: cruelheed, cruelly, cruelnesse, cruelte

Alternative forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruelheed"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruelly"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruelnesse"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruelte"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "cruel"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "cruel"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "crual",
      "crual#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "crūdēlis",
      "crudelis#Latin"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "crual"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French crual",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "crūdēlis"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin crūdēlis",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old French crual, from Latin crūdēlis.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kruell",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruele",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruwel",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crewel",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruell",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruwelle",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crewelle",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruelle",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crowell",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "10": "{{{3}}}",
        "11": "",
        "12": "{{{sup2}}}",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "{{{1}}}",
        "5": "",
        "6": "{{{2}}}",
        "7": "",
        "8": "{{{comp2}}}",
        "9": "",
        "f3l": "",
        "f5l": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cruel",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cruel",
      "name": "enm-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Merciless, cruel; revelling in another's pain."
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-Nzs3zA~-",
      "links": [
        [
          "cruel",
          "cruel#English"
        ],
        [
          "revelling",
          "revelling"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "7 18 17 9 16 14 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Deleterious, injurious; conducive to suffering."
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-WdE3kbgX",
      "links": [
        [
          "Deleterious",
          "deleterious"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "7 18 17 9 16 14 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "5 6 64 0 6 10 8",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Emotions",
          "orig": "enm:Emotions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Unbearable, saddening, terrifying."
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-4V5PJZNw"
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Strict, unforgiving, mean; not nice."
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-pi937psY",
      "links": [
        [
          "unforgiving",
          "unforgiving"
        ],
        [
          "mean",
          "mean"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "7 18 17 9 16 14 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Savage, vicious, dangerous; displaying ferocity."
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-vRzaw3nV"
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "7 18 17 9 16 14 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 0 1 0 17 69 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "War",
          "orig": "enm:War",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Bold, valiant, heroic (in war)"
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-w9yidMuY"
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "7 18 17 9 16 14 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Sharp, acrid, bitter-tasting."
      ],
      "id": "en-cruel-enm-adj-q7~BFfmG",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) Sharp, acrid, bitter-tasting."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kriu̯ˈɛːl/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkriu̯ɛl/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkriu̯əl/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cruel"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English adjectives",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English terms borrowed from Old French",
    "Middle English terms derived from Latin",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old French",
    "Pages with 8 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "enm:Emotions",
    "enm:War",
    "es:Personality"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "cruelheed"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruelly"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruelnesse"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruelte"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "cruel"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "cruel"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "crual",
      "crual#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "crūdēlis",
      "crudelis#Latin"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "crual"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French crual",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "crūdēlis"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin crūdēlis",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old French crual, from Latin crūdēlis.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kruell",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruele",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruwel",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crewel",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruell",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruwelle",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crewelle",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruelle",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crowell",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "10": "{{{3}}}",
        "11": "",
        "12": "{{{sup2}}}",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "{{{1}}}",
        "5": "",
        "6": "{{{2}}}",
        "7": "",
        "8": "{{{comp2}}}",
        "9": "",
        "f3l": "",
        "f5l": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cruel",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cruel",
      "name": "enm-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Merciless, cruel; revelling in another's pain."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cruel",
          "cruel#English"
        ],
        [
          "revelling",
          "revelling"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Deleterious, injurious; conducive to suffering."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Deleterious",
          "deleterious"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Unbearable, saddening, terrifying."
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Strict, unforgiving, mean; not nice."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "unforgiving",
          "unforgiving"
        ],
        [
          "mean",
          "mean"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Savage, vicious, dangerous; displaying ferocity."
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Bold, valiant, heroic (in war)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English terms with rare senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Sharp, acrid, bitter-tasting."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) Sharp, acrid, bitter-tasting."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kriu̯ˈɛːl/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkriu̯ɛl/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkriu̯əl/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cruel"
}

Download raw JSONL data for cruel meaning in Middle English (2.5kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.